Biological agents have extremely broad application prospects in the field of immune-related therapy. As a reputable senior supplier, Creative Biolabs offers customized IgD antibody research and development services to provide accurate information on IgD-related autoimmune diseases.
Introduction of IgD
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is composed of two identical light chains and two heavy chains. There are two types of IgD: secreted IgD (sIgD) and membrane-bound IgD (mIgD), both of which exert important immunological functions. In addition, mIgD is an important feature of mature B cells. Abnormally elevated IgD levels are closely linked to the inflammatory response. Although the content of IgD in the body is very low, it plays a vital role in autoimmune diseases. There is increasing evidence that IgD may be involved in the occurrence of some autoimmune diseases, such as Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Typical Autoimmune Disease-RA
RA is the most common chronic systemic autoimmune disease that leads to restricted mobility and is characterized by joint inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage degeneration, and bone erosion. Among them, synovitis is the main pathological manifestation. The pathogenesis of RA is related to the abnormal activation of T cells and B cells. A large number of activated CD4+ T cells infiltrate the synovial tissue and secrete inflammatory cytokines that cause inflammation of the RA synovium. Currently, the main treatments for RA include disease-relieving anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and biological agents. However, these drugs can cause gastrointestinal side effects, liver toxicity, bone marrow suppression and many other adverse reactions, which seriously hinder the therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to explore and identify RA treatment targets and develop new RA treatment drugs.
The Relationship between IgD and RA
Scientists have detected elevated levels of sIgD and mIgD and elevated levels of anti-IgD autoantibodies in many patients with RA. T cell abnormalities are often found in RA patients, indicating that abnormal T cell activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, compared with healthy controls, the expression of IgD receptor(IgDR) on T cells induced by IgD in RA patients is higher than that on B cells. This means that the IgD-IgDR interaction on T cells may be involved in the progression of RA and maybe a ponderable target for RA treatment.
Regulation of T Cell Activities in RA by IgD-Fc-Ig
A lot of efforts have been devoted to the advancement of therapeutic antibodies. In recent years, scientists have successfully developed IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein which is a new type of biological agent, constructed by linking human IgD-Fc fragment and human IgG1-Fc fragment to form a fusion protein targeting IgD/IgDR. IgD-Fc-Ig competes with overexpressed IgD to bind to IgDR, specifically blocks IgD/IgDR-mediated signaling pathways, and selectively inhibits abnormal activation of T and B cells. This new T cell targeted therapy strategy provides a new direction for the discovery and development of new drugs for T cell-related diseases.
Fig.1 The schematic diagram of IgD-Fc-Ig structure. (Zhang, 2020)
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Reference
- Zhang, J.; et al. Regulation of T cell activities in rheumatoid arthritis by the novel fusion protein IgD-Fc-Ig. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020, 11: 755.
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