Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a crucial component of the primary immune response. As the first line of defense, these antibodies are known for their high avidity—the collective strength of multiple antibody-antigen bindingRead More…
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the most ancient and structurally distinctive immunoglobulin isotype in the vertebrate immune system. Though often overshadowed by IgG and IgA, IgM plays a critical role in shaping earlyRead More…
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains one of the most heterogeneous and diagnostically challenging autoimmune diseases. Its complex pathogenesis involves dysregulated B cell responses and the persistent production of pathogenic autoantibodies, often reflectedRead More…
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a central player in the immune system’s early response to infection. Its pentameric structure provides a high-avidity defense mechanism, allowing it to rapidly neutralize pathogens. Yet, despite itsRead More…
Cancer immunotherapy continues to revolutionize treatment paradigms, yet advanced melanoma remains a challenging battlefield. Despite notable progress with immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4 antibodies, long-term survival is still elusive forRead More…
Introduction: The Rise of IgY Antibodies in Therapeutic Research In recent years, the biopharmaceutical industry has witnessed a paradigm shift toward exploring alternative antibody formats beyond conventional IgG molecules. Among these, immunoglobulinRead More…
Allergic diseases, affecting over 300 million people globally, are characterized by dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens. Central to this pathology is the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), a multimeric complex that orchestratesRead More…
Introduction COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global health crisis since its emergence in late 2019. The severity of COVID-19 can vary widely among patients, ranging from asymptomatic orRead More…
Allergic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria, now affect more than 25-30% of the global population, with incidence rates continuing to rise. This growing prevalence places a significantRead More…
Introduction Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are essential components of mucosal immunity, playing a crucial role in pathogen defense at the body’s surfaces, including respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. With recent breakthroughs, IgA antibodiesRead More…