Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is steadily eroding the impact of conventional antibiotics. Every year, hundreds of thousands of deaths are already attributed to drug-resistant infections, and projections indicate that, without new strategies, thisRead More…
Allergic diseases share a common inflammatory logic: epithelial “danger” signals activate a type-2 cascade that culminates in IgE-armed effector cells and rapid symptom flares on re-exposure. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that intercept thisRead More…
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a crucial component of the primary immune response. As the first line of defense, these antibodies are known for their high avidity—the collective strength of multiple antibody-antigen bindingRead More…
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the most ancient and structurally distinctive immunoglobulin isotype in the vertebrate immune system. Though often overshadowed by IgG and IgA, IgM plays a critical role in shaping earlyRead More…
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains one of the most heterogeneous and diagnostically challenging autoimmune diseases. Its complex pathogenesis involves dysregulated B cell responses and the persistent production of pathogenic autoantibodies, often reflectedRead More…
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a central player in the immune system’s early response to infection. Its pentameric structure provides a high-avidity defense mechanism, allowing it to rapidly neutralize pathogens. Yet, despite itsRead More…
Cancer immunotherapy continues to revolutionize treatment paradigms, yet advanced melanoma remains a challenging battlefield. Despite notable progress with immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4 antibodies, long-term survival is still elusive forRead More…
Introduction: The Rise of IgY Antibodies in Therapeutic Research In recent years, the biopharmaceutical industry has witnessed a paradigm shift toward exploring alternative antibody formats beyond conventional IgG molecules. Among these, immunoglobulinRead More…
HIF-1α: Orchestrating Metabolic Rewiring for IgA Synthesis The hypoxic microenvironment of germinal centers (GCs) is a critical niche where B cells undergo clonal expansion and antibody diversification. Central to this process isRead More…
Allergic diseases, affecting over 300 million people globally, are characterized by dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens. Central to this pathology is the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), a multimeric complex that orchestratesRead More…